Here is a way to find out information about your SQL Server instance using TSQL. You can query all kinds of properties, for example, what edition are you running, what server is it on, etc.
Using the built in function SERVERPROPERTY, you can query useful information about your SQL Server instance. You can read more about SERVERPROPERTY here, but below is a query of some common ones that I use.
select @@version, 'version' union all select serverproperty('ProductVersion'), 'productversion' union all select serverproperty('Edition') , 'edition' union all select serverproperty('ProductLevel'), 'productlevel' union all select serverproperty('servername') , 'servername' union all select serverproperty('machinename') , 'machinename'
Below you can see some of the versions that I am responsible for. You can also see there are plenty of servers that need some patching.
Summary
There are plenty of things using TSQL that you can learn about your instance. Do not be afraid and explore!